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Insider's List of Tips To Add To Your Skiing. Giving You Renewed Confidence,
To Look At Terrain And Own It!


Core Balance - (The ability to center ones Core, located behind your belly button, centered directly over the feet at all times, forward, aft, and side to side) 
Any sport played on ones feet, Core Balance is the single most important factor/skill to own. With skiing, Core Balance is hightened due to the sport is on snow, another form of ice. Along with standing on very slippery skis at high speeds, with the mountain and its terrain, weather and snow coniditions, changing constantly. Core Balance is the root to propper actions. Bad actions, bad re-action. Good balanced actions, good re-actions. If you work on anything in your skiing, work on Balance, own balance, strenghten your Core muscles, educate yourself on Core Balance, understand it comes from where your Elbows are related to the flex of your ankles. That the angles of your Calves, thighs and back are dead on the same when in your ski stance. Own and control the space in front of you as if it was water and you held it in close to you with your thighs, forearms, chest, do not spill that water, spilling the water means you are out of balance.


Tip 1 - There are (5) primary techniques to ski moguls and the lines within them. The trick; learning each
           one, applying it to the terrain, and to mix and match techniques as the terrain changes and steepens.

           (1) Around The Mogul, a turn that is smaller than the radius of the trough. The size of your
           turn is the same size as the mogul. Starting at the head (Flat Top) of the bump, finishing at the tail or 
           new head of next bump downhill. Initiate your turn on the flat, snowy top of the mogul, steering the,
           inside ski (left to go left, right to go right). Pivoting the skis to perpendicular or more to the fall line following
           the shape of the mogul, using the shoulder of the bump to scrub speed to the flat top of a designated mogul below.
           Where you will regain balance and initiate your next turn. Using very soft drifting edges throughout the turn,
           balance creates necessary edge angle. This is usually a 10 to 15 foot corridor. This is the slowest form of mogul skiing. 
           Creating patience rather than fast reflexes. Also the foundation of Bump skiing.

           (2) Bank Turn, A turn that has a larger radius than the trough. Skiing on the curved bank of the adjacent bump
           or just behind the bump you start your turn on. Start your turn on the flat top of a mogul, steering inside ski
           along the arc of the bank of the adjacent bump on the opposite side of the trough, (think of a race car on a banked
           turn). Avoid using high edge angles, (carving) with focus on balance and patience, keeping the skis flat with a
           soft drifting turn to the next designated mogul. The bank turn is the second slowest way to ski bumps. Not requiring 
           fast reflexes, but can feel very dynamic and flowing. Core Balance is key along with the use of push-down technique. 
           Corridor width 8-10 feet.

           (3) Trough, a turn that has the same radius as the trough, you ski in the trough. Like a road through the bumps.
           Initiate your turn on the flat top of a mogul and keep your turn radius the same as the trough. Ski through the
           trough to the flat top of the next designated mogul below where you plan to initiate your next turn, imagine a turn
           looking like the shape of a banana. Again Core balance wins the prize. This is third fastest of the five techniques. Using
           a corridor of 2-5 feet. Very soft, drifting, skiddy skis. Things are starting to get fast now. Requiring faster reflexes
           and the time spent in the gym is starting to pay off. 

           (4) Skip & Rip, Is a very high performance technique design for Softer Bumps, Crud, backcountry Skiing. Leveling the
           playfield is how I like to descript Skip & Rip. A lot of Molding to the terrain and popping while skiing at a high speed. 
           In a 20-40 foot corridor, mold to 2-3 bumps, lightly pop off bump you start you turn on, continuing turn in air spanning
           space between bumps to backside of next bump controlling one's Core Balance by tightening stomach muscles. Mold to 
           next 2-3 bumps then pop, repeat. The trick to Skip & Rip is patience throughout the entire run, with solid control of your
           Core balance. Note: This is a very risky type of skiing, please check one's equipment and is a technique you should build
           build up to ability wise.   
 
           (5) Zipper Line, a method of skiing a mogul run where you essentially go straight down the fall line with 
           minimal turns. Skiing directly from the top of one mogul to the top of another mogul below. This is competitive  mogul
           skiing. The technique the World Cup Mogul skiers are using. The corridor is as small as 12 inches. The trick to the Zipper
           line is core balance, eyes/chest quiet and looking down run, quiet, firm, touching pole plants. Inside foot steering and
           most important, molding to each bump with "tip pushdown". The Zipper line is by far the most exciting skiing on the hill.
           Reflexes need to be lighting quick, Core Balance honed, power and strength a must, equipment all working together and
           dialed in. And a mental focus dedicated to the mission at hand, on the line being skied, period.

         However the above Lines above each represent different options that can be used to ski a 
         mogul run depending upon the steepness of the run, the size and shape of the moguls, the 
         snow condition, flatness of light, visibility ... and the attributes of the skier - e.g. skiing ability,
         physical condition, confidence level, age, injury history, fatigue level, etc.
Each of these
         routes represent different choices for you to use - each offering a different level of speed
         control - when skiing moguls.
The secret to good mogul skiing is to understand each of these
         lines, become proficient at skiing each of these lines individually and then learn how to mix
         and match your preferred lines to use during a single mogul run. Remember different tactics
         for different terrain.
Example: you don't need to ski a mogul run using just one of the above
         tactics, you can mix, and match, the lines - if you choose - in a single mogul run. Many skiers
         have trouble controlling their speed - particularly in the bumps ... or when a run becomes
         steeper. One frequent reason for lack of speed control is that skiers fail to finish their turns.
         When you initiate a turn, and the ski moves toward the fall line (picking up speed), you must
         progressively steer your skis to a point perpendicular, or more, to the fall line until your speed
         begins to decelerate. Where things go wrong - and you don't slow down - is when you initiate
         the turn and start to steer the skis across the hill ... but then stop turning the skis before you
         have slowed down. Net result: the skis tend to run at a 45 degree angle to the fall line
         (picking up speed) down the hill. This becomes a real particular problem when you are skiing
         a bump or steep run.

 

         Bottom line: Control your speed by finishing your turns - e.g. progressively steer your skis
         across the fall line and make sure you decelerate before initiating the next turn. Turn your
         feet up the hill to control speed.

 

         

         

Tip 2 - I like to use a spectrum scale for the use of a drifting, Buttering, Skiddy, soft ski vs a hard edged carving ski. Both
           have their place and time of use. For example, carving is most efficient on flatter, groomed runs. Hence at
           the other end of  the spectrum a soft skiddy ski works great in the bumps or any turn tighter than the skis radius.
           And in the middle of this spectrum lives runs where using both techniques at the same is called for. Again carving
           is appropriate for groomed runs, But to become a good Mogul / All mountain skier, doing the opposite of carving, 
           learning and becoming efficient at a soft edge, drifting ski, (less of an edge angle on your ski to the snow).
           When you ski with a soft edge, pressure against the snow combined with centrifugal force will cause your skis to drift,
           or skid, slide, slip to the outside of the turn. This creates two forms of speed control, one, the lateral movement creates
           friction on the snow, causing your skis to slow. Along with the tips of your skis turning uphill, allowing gravity itself to
           scrub speed. The combination of the two is what you are looking for in mogul skiing. Mastering changes in edge angle
           of your skis to the snow is a valuable speed control technique. using this technique in combination with other tips,
           it will enable you to ski mogul and the rest of the mountain with or without fast reflexes.

 Tip 3 - There are many different options you have to manage your speed the easier it becomes
           to ski a mogul run, chute, powder, anything in control. A useful tactic that you can use to control your
           speed is Corridor Width. If you ski in a narrow corridor your skis will spend more time in the fall line so that
           will be a faster line. If you ski a  wider corridor your skis will spend less time in the fall line so then your speed
           will be slower.Practice skiing a wider corridor by making a turn and then continuing to drift with your skis
           perpendicular to the fall line across 3 moguls before making your next turn. Vary the number of moguls you
           drift across and see the effect on your speed and your control

Tip 4 - We sit down in front of the TV and watch your Men and Women absolutely rip mogul courses at the Olympic
           Games and say, "I want to do what they do". But since they train 4 hours a day in the gym, 5 hours a day
           on the mountain 275 days a year, lets rethink. Hate to say it but age and fitness HAS TO BE CONSIDERED
           when choosing your techniques for bump skiing. Any age/fitness person can run the local Nastar course over
           and over again. Those same people won't even attempt one run on a similar mogul run. Conventional thinking 
           says that the way you are suppose to ski a bump run is to ski the troughs between the moguls, that can be a 
           good strategy if you are in your 20's or 30's some 40's a just a few older folks. But not being the best approach
           in most cases if you are in your 40's, 50's 60's or older. 
           Here are a couple of reasons why: First skiing the troughs are the third fastest route through the bumps, just behind
           Skip & Rip and the driving Zipper Line. It requires, strength, endurance, and very fast reflexes. The other, if your
           mogul skiing is based upon power and fast reflexes, then you run into a huge problem. As the pitch of the hill increases
           causing your reflexes to be even faster, relying on more power.

Tip 5 - With a plethora of obstacles to skiing better, one bump in the road is surely starting your
           turn with a stem. (Pushing the tail of your ski uphill out to get a head start on making the turn.
           This move creates a few problems, first puts in the back seat,  with complete core unbalance. Second,
           locks the leg your stemming with. Third, increases your chances of crossing your tips and fourth,
           creates a straight line in your turn for a few feet. In which causes you to miss or be late on your
           next turns until you blow out of your line.

Tip 6  

Develop your "drifting" or Buttering of the mogul skills. A great practice drill to develop your ability to ski with a soft edge is to select a spot about 30 feet in front of you on groomed terrain and see how many turns you can make between where you are standing and the target.  If you carve your turns you will not be able to make as many turns as if you use a drifted/Buttered turn (the combination of a rotary move, turning the feet, on a flatter ski in perfect balance).  Hold a competition between you and your friends to see who can make the most number of turns between any two points.
Drifting (a.k.a. a pivot slip) is a fabulous technique for controlling your speed on any terrain, but it is particularly useful in moguls and powder. Other than balance, it is the key to mogul skiing. Drifting or Buttering the side of the bump while gently turning ones feet, left to go left, right to go right.

Tip 7 
Carving is a very appropriate technique for skiing on groomed runs. But, to become a good mogul or powder skier you want to do the opposite of carving - which is to learn how to ski with a soft edge (less of an edge angle on your ski).  When you ski with a soft edge, centrifugal force will cause your skis to "drift" (slip, slide) to the outside of the turn.  This lateral movement creates friction and you can use this friction to slow your speed.  Mastering changes in the edge angle of your skis on the snow is a valuable speed control technique.  If you use this technique, in combination with several of our other tips, it will enable you to ski moguls and powder without the need for fast reflexes.

Tip 8
Conventional thinking says that the way you are supposed to a ski mogul run is to ski the troughs between moguls. That can be a good strategy if you are in your 20's or 30's but it is not the optimum approach if you are in your 40's, 50's or 60's. Here are two good reasons why:
First, skiing through the troughs is the second fastest route through the moguls  - just behind the Johnny Mosley "knees pumping up to the ears like pistons" down the zipper line approach - and it requires lightening fast reflexes. Second, if your mogul skiing is based upon a technique that requires fast reflexes then you run into an ever larger problem as the pitch of the hill increases because your reflexes have to be ever faster.
Skiing the troughs is not a good strategy if you are on the aging side of things with slowing reflexes.

Tip 9
Choosing the proper width of your stance is important when skiing moguls and powder. When carving on groomed runs, the most functional stance is approximately a hip or shoulder width stance. This facilitates tipping the skis to the maximum edge angles and prevents restricting your range of motion. Because groom runs have a consistent surface there is no penalty for using a wide stance. Skiing on three dimensional terrain with variable snow conditions present different challenge than skiing on a prepared, consistent, smooth groomed run. To efficiently ski off-piste terrain a more narrow stance will produce better results. Why? The closer your feet are together the greater the likelihood that both your right and left ski will be on, or in, the same consistency of snow. If the snow consistency is the same for both skis the potential for becoming out of balance is minimized For example, with a wide stance, if one foot is in a mogul trough and the other foot is on the side of a mogul, that would result in an unbalanced position. Or, if one foot hits a heavy clump of powder and the other doesn't then the one foot in heavy snow would likely slow down and spin you out of balance. Likewise, if one foot sinks in soft powder and the other foot stays high then you also have an out of balance situation.The bottom line: the narrower your stance, the better your chance of remaining centered and balanced when skiing moguls and powder.

Tip 10

This will be controversial, because it is not conventional thinking, but here we go. Determining the appropriate length of your skis has little to do with your height and weight - unless your goal is to ski fast.  If you are an aging Baby Boomer, selecting the length of your skis should be a function of two things: your age and the number of days you ski each year.  The older you are and/or the fewer number of days you ski each season are all arguments for shorter skis. Now "short" is a relative term. Skiers who used to ski on 210cm skis and who now ski on 180cm skis think they are on short skis.  But, when we say short, we mean short. If you are skiing in-bounds in a ski area, with today's ski technology, we find that there is no penalty for skiing shorter skis.  You gain much more maneuverability and because a shorter ski length typically correlates with a smaller turn radius, a shorter ski spends less time in the fall line, which means that the skier is not going as fast and, which, in turn, lowers anxiety. These are all desirable benefits if you are a Boomer skiing in moguls and powder. Let's re-calibrate your thinking about ski length.  For aging Boomers (age 50+) we are seeing great results with mid-fat skis in a 150cm - 160cm length for men and 146cm - 150cm for women.

Tip 11

Don't underestimate the value of being in good physical shape before you get to your skiing destination.  If you have not tuned the muscles that you use when you ski, and you combine that with being at high altitude, you will be at a disadvantage. I live at 9100 ft elevation year-round. But I still take an intensive 6 week ski conditioning class every year before the mountain opens.  It is 3 days per week with each session lasting 1.5 hours.  It's run by a woman who makes a career Marine drill sergeant look like a lightweight. We do cardio exercises, strengthen our core, fine-tune our balance, increase leg strength and specifically work on muscles used for lateral moves because that is much of what skiing is about. Take a ski conditioning class and ski strong. It will make a huge difference in your skiing confidence, strength, and durability.

Tip 12
Often, the problem of speed control on groomed runs, or in moguls or powder, trees, are a result of skiers not finishing their turns. Turning the skis up the hill. The more you turn them up the hill the slower you go, hence the less you turn the skis up the hill, the faster you go. Gravity does the work, not our muscles. It is actually a very simple problem - if you do not turn your skis across the fall line (so they are perpendicular, or more - e.g. ski tips equal or higher than perpendicular) - then you will likely gain speed with each and every turn.  On average, if you don't finish your turns, you could potentially gain 1% - 3% in speed on every turn.  Under that premise, 5 turns down the hill you could be skiing 15% faster. The number one reason skiers blow out of their mogul line, too much speed; we lose our balance, across the hill we go. This ever increasing speed will ultimately lead to skier anxiety, and often to abrupt upper body movements in an attempt to slow down.  The problem is magnified if you are skiing mogul and powder terrain.  So, make sure you finish your turns, control your speed with every turn, make every turn perfect, the run is awesome

Tip 13
Did you know that your eyes have a lot to do with your skiing?  You ski to where your eyes are looking.  If you are skiing in trees, look between the trees.  If you look at a tree the odds are that you will ski into the tree.  Likewise, if you are skiing in moguls, look at the uphill flat tops of the moguls where you want to finish your turn and where you want to start your next turn, rather than into the troughs.  If you stare at the troughs you will undoubtedly end up skiing in them ... and putting your reflexes to the test. Also look down the run, we don’t look at the hood of our car when driving, we look down the road. Same with all skiing look down the slope, look down your bump line. Before starting you run, look to the finish point and quickly work your way back to your feet. Then pick your first 5 turns, focus and once started always look 5 moguls ahead. We are looking for fewer surprises, action – reaction, cause and effect, looking ahead eliminates both.

Tip 14
9If you study mogul terrain, you realize that all moguls have flat tops (think of the flat top as a green run, a place to be balanced enabling us to turn our feet). A place to finish our turns and start new ones. And a mogul run consists on a series of flat tops, much like a staircase, which you can use to walk down the mountain. Even more to your advantage, the tops of most moguls have piles of powder on them, which represent friction, which will slow you down. This is the place you want to finish the turn gently up the hill and start the next turn by moving down the hill and turning the feet in balance. So lets recap: Flat green run mogul tops with friction in the form of a staircase going down the hill. If you turn on the tops of the moguls, drift or butter with a soft edge from one mogul top to the next, you can change the rules of the game. Your best strategy: turn on the mogul tops and stay out of the troughs. By buttering the sides of the moguls. Use this strategy turning a black or double-black mogul and powder run into a much more manageable, safe and fun experience.

Tip 15
When you are skiing on groomed runs use that time to practice skiing moguls.  Pick a clump of snow, two crossed ski lines in the snow or a windblown leaf sitting on the snow and pretend that it is a "virtual" mogul.  Drift to the location of the "virtual" mogul, make your turn and then locate the next "virtual" mogul.  It is a great way to keep from getting bored on the groomers and it will greatly improve your Balance, turning of the feet and gently edge control skills. Also try picking a point in the snow down the hill, or a tree, etc. the spot you are standing at is “A”, the point down the hill is “B”. Draw an imaginary line connecting them. Then pick a corridor wide in which to ski, 10,15,20 feet. Your line is the cent of the corridor, every time you cross it finish you turn and start your new turn, same as moguls.

Tip 16
Do you ever find yourself having to stop in order to regain speed control after just 4 or 5 turns in a mogul run?  If so, stop and look back at your ski tracks.  If you see two sharp parallel lines in the snow it means that you were carving or using a “Z” turn.  And, if you were carving, that is most likely the primary reason you ended up on the "edge of crazy". No hard edging or pushing of the hips in the bumps, butter those bumps like a piece of toast and turn your feet. The reason speed increases is the radius of your skis cannot make a turn sharp enough to go around a mogul on edge. Soften the edges, buttering the side of the bump, the skis are able to make that short turn around the bumps. Carving promotes speed and it is the polar opposite technique that you want to use in bumps. To maintain speed control in moguls you want to have less of an edge angle and allow yourself to drift down the fall line. The bottom line:  looking back at your ski tracks will tell you whether you are carving or drifting.

Tip 17

In our Mogul Tip series we talk a lot about the importance of a "drift" or "drifting" or buttering to control speed in the bumps.  So, what exactly is the definition of a drift? A drift occurs when you use a combination of rotation (steering the skis perpendicular or higher to the fall line with your feet) and  almost no edging (using less edge angle - which creates lateral movement - in order to create friction) for the purpose of reducing, or better controlling speed.  In general, the higher your tips are above the fall line and the less edge angle you use, the slower your speed will be.  This is probably the most effective way to control speed in moguls because, when done properly (1) it allows you to control your speed without the need for fast reflexes and (2) because the technique is independent of reflex speed it is equally effective regardless of the steepness of the mogul run allowing you to stay in better core balance. A drift will produce the maximum in speed control when a greater percentage of your momentum is moving laterally rather than moving forward.  By definition, if 51% of your momentum is moving forward then you are likely carving and we want to avoid carving.  So, flatten your skis and/or steer your ski tips higher in the fall line to make sure that 51% or more of your momentum is drifting laterally DOWN the fall line toward the location where you intend to make your next turn.  This gives you the ability to increase or decrease your speed just by making small and subtle adjustments to your edge angles.

Tip 18
If you stand on the side of a ski run and watch skiers coming down the hill you will notice that a large percentage of skiers have a ski lead . . . that is to say that the uphill ski is ahead of (leads) the downhill ski as the skis cross the fall line. In days of yesteryear when we used straight skis, this was a desirable technique because this ski lead causes the hips to be countered so that the hips are facing more downhill than the direction of ski travel. This disparity between the hips and the direction of ski travel aided ski rotation and helped the initiation of turns. Today's shaped skis are designed to turn merely by tipping the skis on edge and riding the natural arc of the turn. Because of the ski design, less rotational force is required to initiate each turn. Consequently, a lead change is not an essential element of a turn. In fact, on shaped skis it is more desirable to have your hips more square to the direction of travel and your ski tips to be more equal throughout the turn. A lead change creates two problems that are undesirable in moguls and powder. First, it is an inherently less stable position to have the uphill ski ahead of the downhill ski versus having your feet and skis side-by-side. Second, if your uphill ski is leading your downhill ski, the act of stepping to, and balancing on the uphill ski requires a much larger physical move of the torso to get balanced over the uphill ski. That extra movement makes it more difficult to keep a quiet upper body and to stay in balance. The bottom line: If your feet are side-by-side the re-balance to the uphill ski can happen more quietly, with less chance of becoming unbalanced.

Tip 19
Conventional wisdom says that that one should avoid skiing into clumps of snow because you could catch and edge and/or get tripped up. However, clumps of snow represent friction and friction is your friend because friction helps slow you down.  I actively seek out clumps of snow and frequently use the clumps as the location of where I make my next turn. If you carve at high speed into a clump of snow your feet will rapidly slow down and you run the risk of having your torso continue at a high rate of speed - which will quickly result in you becoming out of balance. However, if you ski into a clump of snow using soft edges (a low edge angle soft edges) you can quickly moderate your edge angles to keep your center of mass over your  feet and to stay centered and balanced. Also tighten your core muscles upon hitting the clump. When you do that it helps you master the mountain. Seek clumps of snow out and use them to control your speed and to give yourself an advantage.

Tip 20
Most skiers believe that you are always supposed to ski in a forward direction.  I spend a great deal of my time alternating between skiing forward, sideways and backward.  The direction you ski doesn't really matter as long as you remain in balance.  By using a flatter ski (smaller edge angle on the snow) I can drift sideways.  Or I can point my ski tips high in the fall line which will cause me to ski backward.  Why would I do this?  To control both my speed and direction in order to make a turn at a precise point in the snow.  This gives me a degree of precision that enables me to turn exactly wherever I desire in mogul or powder terrain. The only direction you should always be moving is down the mountain, moving into every turn. Flow like water.

Tip 21
Do you prefer tired arms ... or tired legs?  In order to stay centered and  Core balanced over your base of support (your feet) you need to keep both of your arms up, elbows on front of the rib cage and quiet (free of excessive movement). Now flex your angels having your shin gently touching the tongue of your boot with consistent light pressure. Connect you elbow and you angels with an imaginary metal pole. You move your angels, your elbows follow and move the elbows the angels flex.  If you don't, you will likely sit back and your center of your core mass will be behind your feet also eliminating proper angles of the body.  In that back position the only thing you have to hold you upright is your quads and the tails of the skis and every muscle in your body, tough to ski that way all day.

Tip 22
Most skiers incorrectly believe that they need substantial forward momentum in order to initiate a turn. Not true. You can easily make a turn from a dead stop merely by flattening your skis on the snow and by extending your legs and torso into the direction of the turn that you want to make. I like to imagine and feel myself gently falling down the mountain into each turn over my inside (Left to go left, right to go right) little toe,  Knee and Core along with feeling the same Conner of my boots tongue on same side. When you discover that you can make a turn without a lot of forward momentum, your anxiety drops, you become more relaxed and you will make more patient turns - which facilitates your ability to stay in balance ... particularly in the bumps.

Tip 23
A major obstacle to better skiing occurs when a skier initiates a turn with a stem (slides the tail of the uphill ski out to get a head start on making the turn or also known as bracing).  If you stem your turns you will forever be a terminal intermediate skier. And if you stem your turns in moguls and powder it creates instability and a risk of crossing your ski tips. To understand whether or not you’re stemming in your turns, at the beginning of your turn your legs will separate and skis will form a wedge. To prevent stemming your turns, always begin each turn by pressuring, and balancing on, the uphill ski prior to initiating any rotary movement to begin the turn.  Simply turning the inside foot. Left to go Left, Right to go Right, it is our natural move when it comes to turning while walking, running. Stemming or bracing will throw directly into a wedge; put you very out of balance, late on every turn, creating speed in the moguls.

Tip 24
We previously mentioned how a narrow stance (this does not mean feet together, this means as the corridor you are skiing gets narrower) improves balance in moguls and powder because of the greater likelihood that both feet will be on the same consistency on the snow or 50/50 pressure on the snow.  Another important benefit of a narrower stance is that it makes it easier to turn the inside foot, and balance on, the uphill ski prior to initiating a turn. If you have a wide stance, it is much harder to turn the inside foot and it requires greater movement of the upper body.  The wider your stance the more your upper body mass needs to move to re-establish balance and the greater the chance you have of becoming un-centered and out of balance.  If you have a narrow stance, and both feet are directly underneath you, it is easier to re-balance on the uphill ski with less upper body movement. The bottom line: the quieter your upper body is, the better skier you will be. Action-Reaction, Cause and effect, we want to eliminate the reaction and effects of upper body movement. 

Tip 25
It takes a sequence of 5 events to make a balanced and well-controlled turn. To better understand the events we are de-composing the sequence into discrete steps.  However, don't take this discreteness too literally because, in reality, the five steps will blend together.

  

(1) finish the prior turn - typically this means that ski tips will need to be slightly up the hill slowing your speed sufficiently to the point where you believe that you can make a patient, relaxed, unrushed turn. Don't initiate a new turn until you have achieved this.  In moguls this may mean that you need to substantially slow your speed before starting the next turn.

 

(2) Do not start the next turn if you are not centered and re-balanced. The majority of your weight (70+%) should now be on the uphill ski.

  

(3) Extend (legs extend tall) and at the same time - keeping your balance and weight on the uphill ski - move your torso down the hill in the direction of the new turn over the little toe, while starting to turn your feet in the direction of that new turn.

  

(4) Wait and let gravity initiate the turn.  Gently turn the inside foot Do not force the turn. Maintain the same pressure throughout the entire turn Keep your upper body, arms and hands quiet, elbows gently in front of the ribs.

Tip 26 
Learning to ski moguls and or the whole mountain can be intimidating.  When you are learning to ski either, minimize the number of simultaneous "yikes" factors - those things which raise your anxiety level.  Your own personal "yikes" factors might include: flat light, ice, an overly steep run, whiteout conditions, wind, poor visibility, crowds of skiers, etc. You will learn faster if you are not distracted by these conditions.   Example: don't try and ski a steeper run on a flat light day or don't practice new skills on a high traffic, high speed run.  Make sure you reduce the number of anxiety factors when you are trying to learn new skills or when you are trying to step outside of your comfort zone. Stay Balanced!

Tip 27 
We hear a lot in skiing about the concept of "weight transfer".  We don't like this term. You will find yourself becoming a much more effective skier if you replace the words "weight transfer" with "core balance transfer".  Skiing is not about transferring weight.  Skiing is a balance sport and what you really want to do is transfer your balance.  If you think good balance is important on groomed runs, good balance is MUCH more important in 3 dimensional terrain where you find moguls, powder and the back bowls. Think "Core balance" transfer rather than "weight" transfer and you will become a better skier on the entire mountain.

Tip 28 
When skiing moguls you must try extra hard to avoid having high edge angles.  Why? The radius of the ski on a high edge angle simply can’t complete a turn small enough to go around even the largest moguls. Most all mountain skis turning radius range between 14 – 18 meters or 65 feet, most moguls are 6-10 feet long. A soft edge angle allows the ski to butter or drift around the mogul by turning the feet. If you are balanced throughout the entire turn on a mogul your edge angle is appropriate throughout the turn.

Tip 29
Pick A Focus. Good skiing requires good underlying skiing fundamentals.  And, the best way to develop good fundamentals is to periodically work on improving or fine-tuning your basic skiing skills. ( Balance, Turning feet, Tipping feet, Pressure). On the first couple of runs each day it is a good idea to start out by focusing on one or more key skills. Always start with Balance, along with what are your feet doing related to Pressure on the snow. Then turning the inside foot, then finally tipping the same foot

Tip 30 

Do you know where your hands are? We regularly observe that a large percentage of skiers ski with their hands close to their hips.  This has a negative effect on your skiing and will result in an out-of-balance condition. Our goal is always be balanced and ski on our skeleton. Not muscles and tendons. If you ski with your hands on, or near, your hips it has a tendency to put your balance point on your heels ... or even farther back - an undesirable condition know as being "in the back seat".  If you are "in the back seat" you may be upright but, most likely, your calf's will be leaning against the back of your boot cuffs and you will be out-of-balance. And, skiing in an out-of-balance position is not a good strategy for remaining upright when skiing moguls - or on any other terrain, for that matter. To avoid this problem, make sure that your elbows are slightly in front of your ribs, hands and arms in comfortable spot, extended in front of you at all times. The rule of thumb: elbows in front of ribs and hands wider than elbows. At all times. Create the balance needed to be an athletic skier.

Tip 31 
One problem that many mogul skiers experience is getting caught in the "back seat" (e.g. being too far back on their skis).  This causes two problems: (1) It becomes difficult to initiate turns. And (2) your quads burn because they are forced to support most of your body weight. And, that is a highway to fatigue. Here is a good mogul skiing tip for staying out of the "back seat". This simple technique will enable you to initiate turns easier and avoid tired legs. Hold your ski poles in front of you and roll both hands so that your knuckles are facing down towards the snow. This will move you forward and put pressure on the balls of your feet. That will make it easier to initiate turns and your skeleton, rather than your quads, will be supporting your body weight. Try this technique the next time you are trying to master the moguls ... or skiing on any terrain, for that matter.

Tip 32
There has been a huge emphasis on carving in the ski industry over the past 15 years. However, good skiers don't carve all the time. In fact, skiers who carve all the time are very one-dimensional and find that carving limits their skiing experience to groomed runs. Really good skiers use a wide range of edge angles appropriate for what they are trying to do.  They learn to use the full range of edge angles from a very high edge angle (carve) to a very low edge angle (flat ski).  That makes for a much more versatile skier. Remember, (1) carving originated as a racing technique designed to increase speed and (2) racers race on flat snow surfaces. Since carving increases your speed it is probably not a good idea to use this technique in the bumps. To become a better all-around skier learn to ski using the full range of edge angles that you have available to you.  Practice your drifting/Buttering (low edge angle) skills. Terrain dictates the use of edge angle. As the terrain changes, so does your edge angles. Different tactics for different terrain. Never ski everything the same way.

Tip 33
Do you find it hard to ski and does your anxiety go up when you are skiing in flat light?  Or in heavy snow? Or in white-out blizzard conditions? If so, consider this tip:  ski next to trees and avoid wide open treeless spaces. When you ski adjacent to groupings of trees the trees actually create shadow detail on the snow which improves your visibility in all hard-to-see conditions

Tip 34

An amazingly large number of skiers think that the way you are supposed to a ski mogul run is to ski the troughs between moguls. That can be a good strategy if you are in your 20's or 30's but it is not the optimum approach if you are in your 40's, 50's or 60's. Here are two good reasons why: First, skiing through the troughs is the second fastest route through the moguls  - just behind the Johnny Mosley "knees pumping up to the ears like pistons" down the zipper line approach - and it requires lightening fast reflexes. Second, if you use a technique that requires fast reflexes you run into an ever larger problem as the pitch of the hill increases because your reflexes have to be ever faster. Skiing the troughs is not a good strategy if you are an aging senior skier with slowing reflexes. Try around the moguls or Bank turns

Tip 35

Let's summarize and reiterate a few key concepts important to great skiing.

Ski with your Eyes Hands and feet…

Eyes - because you will ski to where you are looking.

Hands - keep them forward to keep you centered and out of the back seat.

 

Feet - because small subtle movements initiated by your feet produce big results without the need for unnecessary upper body movements that usually do nothing more than throw you out of balance.

Tip 36
Unthink ... and just turn. When skiing moguls or powder there is often a tendency to get too analytical. Too much thinking can get in the way of a successful run. Sometimes you just need to turn ... and turn again ... and let things flow. When in doubt ... turn. As long as you turn your skis across the hill and drift to slow down, you will be fine. You might be amazed at how well this works. Just think about skiing in that desired corridor. Don’t shop around and turn on the moguls in front of you.

Tip 37

Perpendicularity (as applied to skiing): a desirable condition where you remain perpendicular to your skis.  Why is this important?

When you initiate a turn, your skis accelerate as they move into the fall line.  If you do not anticipate this increase in speed then you will likely get caught in the "back seat" and on your heels ... which is obviously not a balanced position.  Been there?  Done that? To avoid this problem, and to stay centered over - e.g. perpendicular to - your feet and skis while they accelerate - you need to anticipate the acceleration by making a commitment to the new turn.  

What is commitment? It is moving your hips, torso and hands in the direction of the new turn at turn initiation. All these body parts need to be in front of your feet so that when the skis accelerate you can remain centered over both your feet and skis and don't get tossed into the "back seat". 

As you can imagine, making a commitment to the new turn is even more important in moguls than it is on groomed runs because of the 3-dimensional terrain.  So, commit ... then drift ... to maintain balance and control in the bumps.

Tip 38

As we previously discussed, it is essential to make a commitment to each new turn with your hips, torso and hands at turn initiation if you want to stay balanced over your feet throughout the turn. The commit move is triggered by a leg extension.  But, the goal is not to extend up vertically, but rather across the hill in the direction of the new turn.

How do you do that? Try extending only the uphill leg rather than extending both legs simultaneously. When you extend both legs your movement tends to be vertical and not in the direction of the new turn.  When you extend only the uphill leg your movement tends to be more horizontal in the direction of the new turn.

After you extend your uphill leg, and as you enter and cross the fall line, keep the previously uphill (now outside or downhill leg) extended - flexing at the ankle to absorb pressure - and soften your inside leg. When it is time to make your next turn, extend the uphill leg and repeat the pattern. Think of this movement pattern as pedaling, as if you were riding a bike.  Each leg alternates from being the long leg to becoming the short leg. This movement pattern will help you make a commitment to your turns. Once you’ve master the above, start thinking about both thighs moving together in the same direction of the extension above.

Tip 39
The commit move at turn initiation - created by extension of the uphill leg - should be forward and "into the future' ... e.g. into the direction of the new turn. However, when you are initially learning to do this, it can be challenging to overcome the anxiety of "throwing" yourself down the hill in front of your feet. One additional technique to help make the commit move go in the direction of the new turn, instead of a vertical move up, is to imagine that you are skiing in a room with a low ceiling and you want to avoid bumping your head. By being cognizant of a low ceiling your movements will be less vertical and more in the direction of the new turn.

Tip 40

Beware - Moguls Create High Edge Angles.
Have you ever wondered why you tend to rocket out of control when skiing bumps? Here is one possible explanation.
Mogul terrain naturally creates high edge angles between your skis and the snow. This high edge angle causes your skis to carve. And, carving produce speed - which is your enemy in the bumps - unless you are young and possess lightening-fast reflexes.
Merely standing vertically with their skis on the face of a mogul - making no attempt to create an edge angle on the snow - just naturally creates high edge angles without even trying.

If you don't consciously and intentionally reduce your edge angles when skiing moguls then you run the risk of carving in the bumps - which is like stepping on the accelerator pedal while driving on a bumpy road. And this combination of speed from carving, coupled with the  3-dimensional mogul terrain, will likely increase your anxiety and challenge your reflex speed.
The way to avoid this problem, and to better control your speed when skiing moguls, is to intentionally use a lower edge angle on your skis by drifting your turns rather than carving your turns. Butter your turns, soft edges or drift through the turn.

If you don't consciously and intentionally reduce your edge angles when skiing moguls then you run the risk of carving in the bumps - which is like stepping on the accelerator pedal while driving on a bumpy road. And this combination of speed from carving, coupled with the  3-dimensional mogul terrain, will likely increase your anxiety and challenge your reflex speed.
The way to avoid this problem, and to better control your speed when skiing moguls, is to intentionally use a lower edge angle on your skis by drifting your turns rather than carving your turns. Butter your turns, soft edges or drift through the turn.

 

Tip 41
If you want to confidently ski moguls or powder it is essential to know how to control your speed. Do you know the two primary ways to keep your speed under control?
First, learn to complete - or finish - your turns. That is, continue to progressively turn your skis  perpendicular, or more, across the fall line until you decelerate. The faster you turn or steer your skis and the higher (relative to the fall line) you steer your skis the slower you will ski.
Second, soften, or lessen, the edge angle between the skis and the snow so that you create lateral slippage while turning. This lateral slippage creates friction which slows you down. Think about spreading peanut butter when you look back at your tracks in the snow.
The combination of these two factors - finishing your turns and softening your edges - will enable you to control your speed on any terrain.

Tip 42
The width of the corridor you elect to ski within a mogul run is an important factor that influences your speed. If you ski a narrow corridor - e.g. only one or two moguls wide - your skis will spend more time in the fall line and therefore you will ski faster. If you ski a wide corridor - e.g. four to six moguls wide - your skis will spend more time out of the fall line and therefore you will ski a slower route. How you decide on the width of the corridor you will ski should be determined by a number of factors including: the steepness of the mogul run, the size and shape of the moguls, the snow conditions, flatness of light, overall visibility level, your skiing ability, your physical condition, your confidence level at the moment, your age, your history of injuries, your current fatigue level, etc. The bottom line: before you ski a mogul run, think about the width of the corridor you intend to ski in ... because it has consequences that will impact your skiing speed and resulting anxiety level. Skiing with in a chosen corridor also allows you to focus on the moguls directly in your line. Stay in this corridor, don’t shop for bumps to turn on, commit to your line, takes a lot of confusing out of the game.

Tip 43

The "Big Gulp" often occurs when you stand at the top of a mogul run and look at a series of ugly, deep troughs in front of you. But, it's a bad idea to stare at the troughs for a number of reasons. 

First, it will likely raise your anxiety level. 

Second, but most important, since you will always ski to where your eyes are looking - by focusing on the troughs - you are almost guaranteed to ski into them. And, that is exactly where you don't want to be unless your goal is to make a very aggressive high speed line through the bumps. Instead, focus your eyes on the sides of the moguls above the troughs and you will find it much easier to navigate a bump run with good speed control.  

Tip 44

Think tall and taller. Stand up!

Many skiers tend to crouch either at the beginning of their turn (out of anxiety and the belief that it is safer to be lower and closer to the snow) ... or at the end of a turn (from a perception that they are supposed to bend their knees and sink down to absorb centrifugal and gravitational forces) ... or both. However, crouching results in your skis going on edge (e.g. carving) and/or you going into the back seat. Neither are desired results, particularly in the bumps.

Instead of crouching, or bending your knees, think tall and taller (you may find this concept easier to remember by thinking of the movie Dumb and Dumber - which, as a matter of historical note - was partially filmed in Aspen).

Here is what we mean by tall and taller.

First, when finishing a turn you should keep your outside/downhill leg long (or tall) and absorb centrifugal and gravitational pressure by flexing at the ankles instead of crouching and bending your knees.

Second, to initiate your next turn extend your uphill/inside leg so that, conceptually, you become taller.

Why?

When you finish a turn - and your skis are perpendicular to the fall line - your downhill/outside leg will be longer (taller) than your uphill/inside leg. Given the slope of the hill there will be a longer distance between your hip and your downhill/outside foot as compared with the shorter distance between your hip and your uphill/inside foot.

To initiate a turn, the most efficient movement pattern is to extend your uphill leg (e.g. make it taller) while simultaneously moving your hips in the direction of the next turn.

So, don't think about crouching (becoming shorter by bending your knees). Think the opposite. Think only about always becoming ever taller.

Do this by, first, not bending your downhill/outside knee to crouch down, And, second, by extending your shorter uphill/inside leg to become tall when you initiate your next turn.

Skiing tall and taller is a much more efficient way to ski, it will help keep you out of the back seat, it will make it easier for you to drift and it will keep you in balance.

Think tall and taller. Stand up!

Many skiers tend to crouch either at the beginning of their turn (out of anxiety and the belief that it is safer to be lower and closer to the snow) ... or at the end of a turn (from a perception that they are supposed to bend their knees and sink down to absorb centrifugal and gravitational forces) ... or both. However, crouching results in your skis going on edge (e.g. carving) and/or you going into the back seat. Neither are desired results, particularly in the bumps.

Instead of crouching, or bending your knees, think tall and taller (you may find this concept easier to remember by thinking of the movie Dumb and Dumber - which, as a matter of historical note - was partially filmed in Aspen).

Here is what we mean by tall and taller.

First, when finishing a turn you should keep your outside/downhill leg long (or tall) and absorb centrifugal and gravitational pressure by flexing at the ankles instead of crouching and bending your knees.

Second, to initiate your next turn extend your uphill/inside leg so that, conceptually, you become taller.

Why?

When you finish a turn - and your skis are perpendicular to the fall line - your downhill/outside leg will be longer (taller) than your uphill/inside leg. Given the slope of the hill there will be a longer distance between your hip and your downhill/outside foot as compared with the shorter distance between your hip and your uphill/inside foot.

To initiate a turn, the most efficient movement pattern is to extend your uphill leg (e.g. make it taller) while simultaneously moving your hips in the direction of the next turn.

So, don't think about crouching (becoming shorter by bending your knees). Think the opposite. Think only about always becoming ever taller.

Do this by, first, not bending your downhill/outside knee to crouch down, And, second, by extending your shorter uphill/inside leg to become tall when you initiate your next turn.

Skiing tall and taller is a much more efficient way to ski, it will help keep you out of the back seat, it will make it easier for you to drift and it will keep you in balance.

Tip 45

When You Turn ... Don't Turn

When you initiate your turns are you thinking about turning?  I'm not. Frequently when you are concerned about making a turn happen you often overpower your turn initiation and/or turn too quickly. This will have two undesirable consequences. 

First, the quick moves will challenge your balance. Always soft, patient turns, I try not to hurt the snow with my skis.

Second, the faster your turn your skis across the hill the more likely you are to end up with high edge angles (which promote speed). And will compromise your balance. 

Neither of these consequences are helpful when skiing moguls.

Your goal should be to make a passive and progressive entry into the turn. This will make it easier to stay in balance and easier to ski on a flatter ski (less edge angle). Both of these benefits will help you stay in control in the bumps.

One easy way to make a is to not think about turning.  Just extend your uphill leg and move your hips in the direction of the new turn. The key is to then be patient and wait for gravity to initiate the turn.  Your extension and simultaneous hip movement will result in the skis releasing their uphill edges and going flat to the snow. As soon as the skis are flat they will begin to turn. Guaranteed.

Think extend, move the hips, relax and patiently wait for the turn to develop.

The bottom line: when you turn, don't turn. Just wait ... and you will make a progressive and passive entry into the turn.

Tip 46

When you find yourself skiing too fast - and thinking "YIKES!" - is your first thought to quickly make a turn in order to slow yourself down? If so, you may want to reconsider this immediate life-saving reaction. 

Why? 

Because when you initiate a new turn your skis will enter the fall line and will initially accelerate. Net result: your speed will increase.
Your best strategy, if skiing too fast for your comfort level, is not to make a new turn but rather to do the opposite by progressively steering your skis up the hill until you decelerate and slow down. Wait until you have slowed down before you make a new turn.
You will find this tip to be particularly valuable when skiing in 3-dimensional mogul and powder terrain.

Tip 47

Every mogul run is different. Your skiing experience on any given mogul run will vary by the size of the moguls, the shape of the moguls, the distance between moguls, the size of the troughs, the overall steepness of the mogul run, the amount of snow on the moguls, the hardness or softness of the snow, the direction the mogul run faces (North, South, East or West), the weather conditions (sunny or cloud cover) and the time of day you ski the mogul run as it relates to the position of the sun. Because of these factors you will be more successful in skiing a mogul run if you feel out the mogul run - and get a sense of both the speed and rhythm that is most appropriate for the current mogul run terrain conditions - before you just jump in and start skiing.

The best way to do that is to start each mogul run by slowly drifting the first few turns.  This will enable you to get a quick reading of the conditions and then dial in your pace (speed) and optimum tactics (green line, blue line, black line). 

The bottom line: since every mogul run is different you will have more success if you first assess, and then adjust, your skiing approach to the current conditions on each mogul run.

The D.I.R.T. model says it all in Mogul skiing: Duration, Intensity, Rate, Timing of your turn and the skiing you are doing, remember the terrain dictates your DIRT!

Tip 48

The more you understand the many different options you have to manage your speed the easier it becomes to ski a mogul run in control.

Another useful tactic that you can use to control speed is corridor width. If you ski in a narrow corridor your skis will spend more time in the fall line so that will be a faster line. Correspondingly, if you ski in a wider corridor your skis will spend less time in the fall line so your speed will be slower.

Practice skiing a wider corridor my making a turn and then continuing to drift with your skis perpendicular to the fall line across 3 moguls before making your next turn. Vary the number of moguls you drift across and see the effect on your speed and your control. 

When skiing a mogul run you can mix and match the width of the corridor that you ski.

Bottom Line: corridor width is another variable that you can use to control your speed.

Tip 49
As you've read in many of our tips, the BumpBusters program focuses on teaching you balance and control while skiing. Those same concepts apply to your fitness program. If you don't have good balance and control in a gym, it will really show up once you get on unstable three dimensional terrain.
Doing a simple daily warm-up routine before you hit the slopes will get your body warmed up and ready to ski. Something as simple as a hip circle exercise activates the synovial fluid in your hip joints, lubricating the joints and getting them ready to fire when you are stepping and turning down a mogul field. The same concept applies to your back to protect your discs. And a few simple balance exercises will pay off on the mountain when you encounter unexpected clumps of snow.
Invest in doing everything you can to get your body ready for a great ski season. 

Tip 50

Many mogul skiing lessons emphasize that mastering "flexion", "extension" and "absorption" movements are an essential prerequisite to good mogul skiing. While basic "flexion", "extension" and "absorption" movements are obviously necessary for skiing on any terrain we do not share the opinion that your ability to master these skills is the major determining factor in your ability to ski the bumps.
Why? The answer is that "flexion", "extension" and "absorption" movements become more important the faster and more aggressively you ski a mogul run. Conversely, "flexion", "extension" and "absorption" movements become less important the slower and less aggressively you ski a mogul run. BumpBusters techniques enable you to maintain a balanced, centered stance and avoid being launched (the goal of "flexion", "extension" and "absorption" movements) by using proper routes and wider skiing corridors in combination with less edge angle (drifting) to maintain speed control. 

Tip 51
Proper hand position is extremely important to maintaining a centered and balanced stance when you ski either groomed runs or bumps.  That is why we have covered this topic several times in our tips. In previous tips we have discussed the importance of (1) hands wider than elbows and elbows in front of your rib cage and (2) rolling your knuckles toward the snow as two techniques to keep you from skiing in the "back seat". In this tip we introduce another key technique to facilitate a centered stance. And that is to check whether or not you can see both of your hands in your peripheral vision at all times when skiing. If the answer is yes then the odds are that your hands are forward, at the right height and not contributing to your center of mass being in the "back seat". The next time you are out on the slopes make a few runs and test yourself to see if you can see both hands in your peripheral vision while skiing. It is an important prerequisite to staying centered while skiing 3-dimensional mogul and powder terrain.

Tip 52
When you are standing at the top of a mogul run it is not unusual to experience increased anxiety as you begin to think about starting your run. That nervousness, however, often causes you to begin your mogul run by rushing your turns and skiing fast. If you start out too fast then your run will be rushed, it will be more difficult to maintain your balance and you will most likely end up muscling your way down the run and relying on your reflex speed to maintain control. It is important to keep in mind that the first two or three turns of a mogul run will set the pace for the entire run. So, begin your mogul run slowly, think about making relaxed and slow turns and concentrate on developing a fluid and controlled pace. You'll have more fun and it will be less fatiguing. Take a quick look at your run from bottom up to your feet. Then look down and memorize the first 3-5 turns, set yourself up for success, get into your flow early.

 "There Comes A Time When One Must Risk Something, Or Live Forever With One's Dreams"